
.. _paramexamples:

Parametrizing tests
=================================================

.. currentmodule:: _pytest.python

``pytest`` allows to easily parametrize test functions.
For basic docs, see :ref:`parametrize-basics`.

In the following we provide some examples using
the builtin mechanisms.

Generating parameters combinations, depending on command line
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

.. regendoc:wipe

Let's say we want to execute a test with different computation
parameters and the parameter range shall be determined by a command
line argument.  Let's first write a simple (do-nothing) computation test::

    # content of test_compute.py

    def test_compute(param1):
        assert param1 < 4

Now we add a test configuration like this::

    # content of conftest.py

    def pytest_addoption(parser):
        parser.addoption("--all", action="store_true",
            help="run all combinations")

    def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc):
        if 'param1' in metafunc.fixturenames:
            if metafunc.config.option.all:
                end = 5
            else:
                end = 2
            metafunc.parametrize("param1", range(end))

This means that we only run 2 tests if we do not pass ``--all``::

    $ py.test -q test_compute.py
    ..
    2 passed in 0.12 seconds

We run only two computations, so we see two dots.
let's run the full monty::

    $ py.test -q --all
    ....F
    ======= FAILURES ========
    _______ test_compute[4] ________
    
    param1 = 4
    
        def test_compute(param1):
    >       assert param1 < 4
    E       assert 4 < 4
    
    test_compute.py:3: AssertionError
    1 failed, 4 passed in 0.12 seconds

As expected when running the full range of ``param1`` values
we'll get an error on the last one.


Different options for test IDs
------------------------------------

pytest will build a string that is the test ID for each set of values in a
parametrized test. These IDs can be used with ``-k`` to select specific cases
to run, and they will also identify the specific case when one is failing.
Running pytest with ``--collect-only`` will show the generated IDs.

Numbers, strings, booleans and None will have their usual string representation
used in the test ID. For other objects, pytest will make a string based on
the argument name::

    # content of test_time.py

    import pytest

    from datetime import datetime, timedelta

    testdata = [
        (datetime(2001, 12, 12), datetime(2001, 12, 11), timedelta(1)),
        (datetime(2001, 12, 11), datetime(2001, 12, 12), timedelta(-1)),
    ]


    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,b,expected", testdata)
    def test_timedistance_v0(a, b, expected):
        diff = a - b
        assert diff == expected


    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,b,expected", testdata, ids=["forward", "backward"])
    def test_timedistance_v1(a, b, expected):
        diff = a - b
        assert diff == expected


    def idfn(val):
        if isinstance(val, (datetime,)):
            # note this wouldn't show any hours/minutes/seconds
            return val.strftime('%Y%m%d')


    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,b,expected", testdata, ids=idfn)
    def test_timedistance_v2(a, b, expected):
        diff = a - b
        assert diff == expected


In ``test_timedistance_v0``, we let pytest generate the test IDs.

In ``test_timedistance_v1``, we specified ``ids`` as a list of strings which were
used as the test IDs. These are succinct, but can be a pain to maintain.

In ``test_timedistance_v2``, we specified ``ids`` as a function that can generate a
string representation to make part of the test ID. So our ``datetime`` values use the
label generated by ``idfn``, but because we didn't generate a label for ``timedelta``
objects, they are still using the default pytest representation::


    $ py.test test_time.py --collect-only
    ======= test session starts ========
    platform linux -- Python 3.4.0, pytest-2.9.1, py-1.4.31, pluggy-0.3.1
    rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR, inifile: 
    collected 6 items
    <Module 'test_time.py'>
      <Function 'test_timedistance_v0[a0-b0-expected0]'>
      <Function 'test_timedistance_v0[a1-b1-expected1]'>
      <Function 'test_timedistance_v1[forward]'>
      <Function 'test_timedistance_v1[backward]'>
      <Function 'test_timedistance_v2[20011212-20011211-expected0]'>
      <Function 'test_timedistance_v2[20011211-20011212-expected1]'>
    
    ======= no tests ran in 0.12 seconds ========

A quick port of "testscenarios"
------------------------------------

.. _`test scenarios`: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/testscenarios/

Here is a quick port to run tests configured with `test scenarios`_,
an add-on from Robert Collins for the standard unittest framework. We
only have to work a bit to construct the correct arguments for pytest's
:py:func:`Metafunc.parametrize`::

    # content of test_scenarios.py

    def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc):
        idlist = []
        argvalues = []
        for scenario in metafunc.cls.scenarios:
            idlist.append(scenario[0])
            items = scenario[1].items()
            argnames = [x[0] for x in items]
            argvalues.append(([x[1] for x in items]))
        metafunc.parametrize(argnames, argvalues, ids=idlist, scope="class")

    scenario1 = ('basic', {'attribute': 'value'})
    scenario2 = ('advanced', {'attribute': 'value2'})

    class TestSampleWithScenarios:
        scenarios = [scenario1, scenario2]

        def test_demo1(self, attribute):
            assert isinstance(attribute, str)

        def test_demo2(self, attribute):
            assert isinstance(attribute, str)

this is a fully self-contained example which you can run with::

    $ py.test test_scenarios.py
    ======= test session starts ========
    platform linux -- Python 3.4.0, pytest-2.9.1, py-1.4.31, pluggy-0.3.1
    rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR, inifile: 
    collected 4 items
    
    test_scenarios.py ....
    
    ======= 4 passed in 0.12 seconds ========

If you just collect tests you'll also nicely see 'advanced' and 'basic' as variants for the test function::


    $ py.test --collect-only test_scenarios.py
    ======= test session starts ========
    platform linux -- Python 3.4.0, pytest-2.9.1, py-1.4.31, pluggy-0.3.1
    rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR, inifile: 
    collected 4 items
    <Module 'test_scenarios.py'>
      <Class 'TestSampleWithScenarios'>
        <Instance '()'>
          <Function 'test_demo1[basic]'>
          <Function 'test_demo2[basic]'>
          <Function 'test_demo1[advanced]'>
          <Function 'test_demo2[advanced]'>
    
    ======= no tests ran in 0.12 seconds ========

Note that we told ``metafunc.parametrize()`` that your scenario values
should be considered class-scoped.  With pytest-2.3 this leads to a
resource-based ordering.

Deferring the setup of parametrized resources
---------------------------------------------------

.. regendoc:wipe

The parametrization of test functions happens at collection
time.  It is a good idea to setup expensive resources like DB
connections or subprocess only when the actual test is run.
Here is a simple example how you can achieve that, first
the actual test requiring a ``db`` object::

    # content of test_backends.py

    import pytest
    def test_db_initialized(db):
        # a dummy test
        if db.__class__.__name__ == "DB2":
            pytest.fail("deliberately failing for demo purposes")

We can now add a test configuration that generates two invocations of
the ``test_db_initialized`` function and also implements a factory that
creates a database object for the actual test invocations::

    # content of conftest.py
    import pytest

    def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc):
        if 'db' in metafunc.fixturenames:
            metafunc.parametrize("db", ['d1', 'd2'], indirect=True)

    class DB1:
        "one database object"
    class DB2:
        "alternative database object"

    @pytest.fixture
    def db(request):
        if request.param == "d1":
            return DB1()
        elif request.param == "d2":
            return DB2()
        else:
            raise ValueError("invalid internal test config")

Let's first see how it looks like at collection time::

    $ py.test test_backends.py --collect-only
    ======= test session starts ========
    platform linux -- Python 3.4.0, pytest-2.9.1, py-1.4.31, pluggy-0.3.1
    rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR, inifile: 
    collected 2 items
    <Module 'test_backends.py'>
      <Function 'test_db_initialized[d1]'>
      <Function 'test_db_initialized[d2]'>
    
    ======= no tests ran in 0.12 seconds ========

And then when we run the test::

    $ py.test -q test_backends.py
    .F
    ======= FAILURES ========
    _______ test_db_initialized[d2] ________
    
    db = <conftest.DB2 object at 0xdeadbeef>
    
        def test_db_initialized(db):
            # a dummy test
            if db.__class__.__name__ == "DB2":
    >           pytest.fail("deliberately failing for demo purposes")
    E           Failed: deliberately failing for demo purposes
    
    test_backends.py:6: Failed
    1 failed, 1 passed in 0.12 seconds

The first invocation with ``db == "DB1"`` passed while the second with ``db == "DB2"`` failed.  Our ``db`` fixture function has instantiated each of the DB values during the setup phase while the ``pytest_generate_tests`` generated two according calls to the ``test_db_initialized`` during the collection phase.

.. regendoc:wipe

Apply indirect on particular arguments
---------------------------------------------------

Very often parametrization uses more than one argument name. There is opportunity to apply ``indirect``
parameter on particular arguments. It can be done by passing list or tuple of
arguments' names to ``indirect``. In the example below there is a function ``test_indirect`` which uses
two fixtures: ``x`` and ``y``. Here we give to indirect the list, which contains the name of the
fixture ``x``. The indirect parameter will be applied to this argument only, and the value ``a``
will be passed to respective fixture function::

    # content of test_indirect_list.py

    import pytest
    @pytest.fixture(scope='function')
    def x(request):
        return request.param * 3

    @pytest.fixture(scope='function')
    def y(request):
        return request.param * 2

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('x, y', [('a', 'b')], indirect=['x'])
    def test_indirect(x,y):
        assert x == 'aaa'
        assert y == 'b'

The result of this test will be successful::

    $ py.test test_indirect_list.py --collect-only
    ======= test session starts ========
    platform linux -- Python 3.4.0, pytest-2.9.1, py-1.4.31, pluggy-0.3.1
    rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR, inifile: 
    collected 1 items
    <Module 'test_indirect_list.py'>
      <Function 'test_indirect[a-b]'>
    
    ======= no tests ran in 0.12 seconds ========

.. regendoc:wipe

Parametrizing test methods through per-class configuration
--------------------------------------------------------------

.. _`unittest parametrizer`: https://github.com/testing-cabal/unittest-ext/blob/master/params.py


Here is an example ``pytest_generate_function`` function implementing a
parametrization scheme similar to Michael Foord's `unittest
parametrizer`_ but in a lot less code::

    # content of ./test_parametrize.py
    import pytest

    def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc):
        # called once per each test function
        funcarglist = metafunc.cls.params[metafunc.function.__name__]
        argnames = list(funcarglist[0])
        metafunc.parametrize(argnames, [[funcargs[name] for name in argnames]
                for funcargs in funcarglist])

    class TestClass:
        # a map specifying multiple argument sets for a test method
        params = {
            'test_equals': [dict(a=1, b=2), dict(a=3, b=3), ],
            'test_zerodivision': [dict(a=1, b=0), ],
        }

        def test_equals(self, a, b):
            assert a == b

        def test_zerodivision(self, a, b):
            pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError, "a/b")

Our test generator looks up a class-level definition which specifies which
argument sets to use for each test function.  Let's run it::

    $ py.test -q
    F..
    ======= FAILURES ========
    _______ TestClass.test_equals[1-2] ________
    
    self = <test_parametrize.TestClass object at 0xdeadbeef>, a = 1, b = 2
    
        def test_equals(self, a, b):
    >       assert a == b
    E       assert 1 == 2
    
    test_parametrize.py:18: AssertionError
    1 failed, 2 passed in 0.12 seconds

Indirect parametrization with multiple fixtures
--------------------------------------------------------------

Here is a stripped down real-life example of using parametrized
testing for testing serialization of objects between different python
interpreters.  We define a ``test_basic_objects`` function which
is to be run with different sets of arguments for its three arguments:

* ``python1``: first python interpreter, run to pickle-dump an object to a file
* ``python2``: second interpreter, run to pickle-load an object from a file
* ``obj``: object to be dumped/loaded

.. literalinclude:: multipython.py

Running it results in some skips if we don't have all the python interpreters installed and otherwise runs all combinations (5 interpreters times 5 interpreters times 3 objects to serialize/deserialize)::

   . $ py.test -rs -q multipython.py
   ssssssssssss...ssssssssssss
   ======= short test summary info ========
   SKIP [12] $REGENDOC_TMPDIR/CWD/multipython.py:23: 'python3.3' not found
   SKIP [12] $REGENDOC_TMPDIR/CWD/multipython.py:23: 'python2.6' not found
   3 passed, 24 skipped in 0.12 seconds

Indirect parametrization of optional implementations/imports
--------------------------------------------------------------------

If you want to compare the outcomes of several implementations of a given
API, you can write test functions that receive the already imported implementations
and get skipped in case the implementation is not importable/available.  Let's
say we have a "base" implementation and the other (possibly optimized ones)
need to provide similar results::

    # content of conftest.py

    import pytest

    @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
    def basemod(request):
        return pytest.importorskip("base")

    @pytest.fixture(scope="session", params=["opt1", "opt2"])
    def optmod(request):
        return pytest.importorskip(request.param)

And then a base implementation of a simple function::

    # content of base.py
    def func1():
        return 1

And an optimized version::

    # content of opt1.py
    def func1():
        return 1.0001

And finally a little test module::

    # content of test_module.py

    def test_func1(basemod, optmod):
        assert round(basemod.func1(), 3) == round(optmod.func1(), 3)


If you run this with reporting for skips enabled::

    $ py.test -rs test_module.py
    ======= test session starts ========
    platform linux -- Python 3.4.0, pytest-2.9.1, py-1.4.31, pluggy-0.3.1
    rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR, inifile: 
    collected 2 items
    
    test_module.py .s
    ======= short test summary info ========
    SKIP [1] $REGENDOC_TMPDIR/conftest.py:10: could not import 'opt2'
    
    ======= 1 passed, 1 skipped in 0.12 seconds ========

You'll see that we don't have a ``opt2`` module and thus the second test run
of our ``test_func1`` was skipped.  A few notes:

- the fixture functions in the ``conftest.py`` file are "session-scoped" because we
  don't need to import more than once

- if you have multiple test functions and a skipped import, you will see
  the ``[1]`` count increasing in the report

- you can put :ref:`@pytest.mark.parametrize <@pytest.mark.parametrize>` style
  parametrization on the test functions to parametrize input/output
  values as well.