third_party/gsutil/gslib/addlhelp/wildcards.py

# Copyright 2012 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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from gslib.help_provider import HELP_NAME
from gslib.help_provider import HELP_NAME_ALIASES
from gslib.help_provider import HELP_ONE_LINE_SUMMARY
from gslib.help_provider import HelpProvider
from gslib.help_provider import HELP_TEXT
from gslib.help_provider import HelpType
from gslib.help_provider import HELP_TYPE

_detailed_help_text = ("""
<B>DESCRIPTION</B>
  gsutil supports URI wildcards. For example, the command:

    gsutil cp gs://bucket/data/abc* .

  will copy all objects that start with gs://bucket/data/abc followed by any
  number of characters within that subdirectory.


<B>DIRECTORY BY DIRECTORY VS RECURSIVE WILDCARDS</B>
  The "*" wildcard only matches up to the end of a path within
  a subdirectory. For example, if bucket contains objects
  named gs://bucket/data/abcd, gs://bucket/data/abcdef,
  and gs://bucket/data/abcxyx, as well as an object in a sub-directory
  (gs://bucket/data/abc/def) the above gsutil cp command would match the
  first 3 object names but not the last one.

  If you want matches to span directory boundaries, use a '**' wildcard:

    gsutil cp gs://bucket/data/abc** .

  will match all four objects above.

  Note that gsutil supports the same wildcards for both objects and file names.
  Thus, for example:

    gsutil cp data/abc* gs://bucket

  will match all names in the local file system. Most command shells also
  support wildcarding, so if you run the above command probably your shell
  is expanding the matches before running gsutil. However, most shells do not
  support recursive wildcards ('**'), and you can cause gsutil's wildcarding
  support to work for such shells by single-quoting the arguments so they
  don't get interpreted by the shell before being passed to gsutil:

    gsutil cp 'data/abc**' gs://bucket


<B>BUCKET WILDCARDS</B>
  You can specify wildcards for bucket names. For example:

    gsutil ls gs://data*.example.com

  will list the contents of all buckets whose name starts with "data" and
  ends with ".example.com".

  You can also combine bucket and object name wildcards. For example this
  command will remove all ".txt" files in any of your Google Cloud Storage
  buckets:

    gsutil rm gs://*/**.txt


<B>OTHER WILDCARD CHARACTERS</B>
  In addition to '*', you can use these wildcards:

    ? Matches a single character. For example "gs://bucket/??.txt"
      only matches objects with two characters followed by .txt.

    [chars] Match any of the specified characters. For example
      "gs://bucket/[aeiou].txt" matches objects that contain a single vowel
      character followed by .txt

    [char range] Match any of the range of characters. For example
      "gs://bucket/[a-m].txt" matches objects that contain letters
      a, b, c, ... or m, and end with .txt.

    You can combine wildcards to provide more powerful matches, for example:
      gs://bucket/[a-m]??.j*g


<B>EFFICIENCY CONSIDERATION: USING WILDCARDS OVER MANY OBJECTS</B>
  It is more efficient, faster, and less network traffic-intensive
  to use wildcards that have a non-wildcard object-name prefix, like:

    gs://bucket/abc*.txt

  than it is to use wildcards as the first part of the object name, like:

    gs://bucket/*abc.txt

  This is because the request for "gs://bucket/abc*.txt" asks the server
  to send back the subset of results whose object names start with "abc",
  and then gsutil filters the result list for objects whose name ends with
  ".txt". In contrast, "gs://bucket/*abc.txt" asks the server for the complete
  list of objects in the bucket and then filters for those objects whose name
  ends with "abc.txt". This efficiency consideration becomes increasingly
  noticeable when you use buckets containing thousands or more objects. It is
  sometimes possible to set up the names of your objects to fit with expected
  wildcard matching patterns, to take advantage of the efficiency of doing
  server-side prefix requests. See, for example "gsutil help prod" for a
  concrete use case example.


<B>EFFICIENCY CONSIDERATION: USING MID-PATH WILDCARDS</B>
  Suppose you have a bucket with these objects:
    gs://bucket/obj1
    gs://bucket/obj2
    gs://bucket/obj3
    gs://bucket/obj4
    gs://bucket/dir1/obj5
    gs://bucket/dir2/obj6

  If you run the command:
    gsutil ls gs://bucket/*/obj5
  gsutil will perform a /-delimited top-level bucket listing and then one bucket
  listing for each subdirectory, for a total of 3 bucket listings:
    GET /bucket/?delimiter=/
    GET /bucket/?prefix=dir1/obj5&delimiter=/
    GET /bucket/?prefix=dir2/obj5&delimiter=/

  The more bucket listings your wildcard requires, the slower and more expensive
  it will be. The number of bucket listings required grows as:
    - the number of wildcard components (e.g., "gs://bucket/a??b/c*/*/d"
      has 3 wildcard components);
    - the number of subdirectories that match each component; and
    - the number of results (pagination is implemented using one GET
      request per 1000 results, specifying markers for each).

  If you want to use a mid-path wildcard, you might try instead using a
  recursive wildcard, for example:

    gsutil ls gs://bucket/**/obj5

  This will match more objects than gs://bucket/*/obj5 (since it spans
  directories), but is implemented using a delimiter-less bucket listing
  request (which means fewer bucket requests, though it will list the entire
  bucket and filter locally, so that could require a non-trivial amount of
  network traffic).
""")


class CommandOptions(HelpProvider):
  """Additional help about wildcards."""

  help_spec = {
    # Name of command or auxiliary help info for which this help applies.
    HELP_NAME : 'wildcards',
    # List of help name aliases.
    HELP_NAME_ALIASES : ['wildcard', '*', '**'],
    # Type of help:
    HELP_TYPE : HelpType.ADDITIONAL_HELP,
    # One line summary of this help.
    HELP_ONE_LINE_SUMMARY : 'Wildcard support',
    # The full help text.
    HELP_TEXT : _detailed_help_text,
  }